Slag cement also called ground granulated blast furnace slag is a hydraulic cement produced during the reduction of iron ore to iron in a blast furnace. Part of the lecture notes in civil engineering book series lnce, volume 54. Ground granulated blast furnace slag in concrete and its. Surface area properties have shown that the lf slag is a mesoporous. In the case of steelmaking slag, the slag contains metal elements such as iron in oxide form. Metallurgical slag is a valuable additive in cement making. Groundgranulated blastfurnace slag ggbs or ggbfs is obtained by quenching molten iron.
A portland cement mixed with a designated amount of ground granulated blastfurnace slag. Grinding reduces the particle size to cement fineness. It consists of nonferrous components contained in the iron ore together with limestone as an auxiliary materials and ash from coke. Ggbfs is divided into three classifications based on its activity index. During blast furnace operations, the plant operator pays careful attention to the slag chemistry both composition and variability as slag behavior is a major consideration in ensuring the quality of hot metal molten iron. This report presents available information regarding the use of aircooled blast furnace slag acbfs as coarse aggregate in concrete pavements. In the case of steelmaking slag, the slag contains metal elements. Use of aircooled blast furnace slag as coarse aggregate. Ugmat blast furnace slag recycled materials resource center. The ground granulated blast furnace slag ggbfs is a byproduct of iron manufacturing which when added to concrete improves its properties such as workability, strength and durability.
Blast furnace lump slag is used in civil engineering, particularly in road construction. Activation of blast furnace slag with soda production. A technical advisory group tag was set up to bring together representatives from the environment agency, wrap and industry. Preparation and properties of blast furnace slag glass ceramics. Chemical content identification factors and composition standards p. It uses a blast of hot air forced through the furnace. Selection of our books indexed in the book citation index in web of. The primary components of iron and steel slag are limestone cao and silica sio 2. Moreover, deep bluegreen color shown by interior part of slag concrete and can be noticed from slag concrete broken parts, for example, after compressive strength test. The latent hydraulic property of the blastfurnace slag gives excellent longterm strength.
This waste material usually has interesting physical properties and mineralogical and chemical composition, which can be useful as granular aggregate in. The report discusses acbfs aggregate production and properties, and the properties of concrete produced with acbfs coarse aggregate. Daube j, bakker r 1983 portland blastfurnace slag cement. The lf slag is a byproduct from further refining molten steel after coming out of a basic oxygen furnace bof or an electric arc furnace eaf.
The hearth acts as a storage region for molten metal and molten slag. Wdxrf and spark oes analysis of foundry iron and furnace. Effects of fineness and chemical composition of blast furnace. The latent hydraulic property of the blast furnace slag gives excellent longterm strength. Appendix a contains a list of tag members and appendix b gives its terms of reference. The charge of blast furnace possesses successive layers of iron ore, scrap, coke, and limestone and some steel scrap which is fed from the top of the furnace. Carbonates, either limestone caco 3 or dolomite mgco 3, are frequently added to the blast furnace for slag composition control. Torii k, sasatani t, kawamura m 1995 effects of fly ash, blast furnace slag, and silica fume on resistance of mortar to calcium chloride attack. I have 2 million ton of granulated blast furnace slag. The molten iron and blast furnace slag is collected at the base of the furnace, while the gases are recirculated for fuel in the sinter process, after separation of particulate material cooper, 2005. Asms then further process the blast furnace slag into useful products for the construction industry such as concrete aggregates and road base products. While blast furnace slag has a long history of use as an industrial byproduct, going back almost 100 years in the united states and 150 years in europe 8, steel slag was less popular. The blast air causes the iron oxides, flux, and coke to react and iron, carbon monoxide and blastfurnace slag is produced.
Request pdf ground granulated blast furnace slag ground granulated blast furnace. The slag shall contain no additions and shall conform to the sulfide sulfur and sulfate chemical composition requirement. Those studied were alkali activated by liquid sodium silicate ss and sodium carbonate sc. Effects of fineness and chemical composition of blast. Blast furnace slag bfs is a product of iron production, which has been widely investigated and utilized. Furnaces and refractories fusion dust and slag or by the action of alkalies on fireclay refractories, to form alkalialumina silicates. Activation of blast furnace slag with soda production waste. It is then processed and used for various iron and steel slag converter applications. However, this statement can be considered only partially correct. Groundgranulated blastfurnace slag ggbs or ggbfs is obtained by quenching molten iron slag a byproduct of iron and steelmaking from a blast furnace in water or steam, to produce a glassy, granular product that is then dried and ground into a fine powder. The replacement of portland cement by limestone powder and bfs can lower the cost and enhance the greenness of concrete, since the production of these two materials needs less energy and causes less co 2 emission than. Despite this, the overall performance of the slag blends, which was compared against a cem i 425rtype cement, was found to be better at both curing durations. The blast furnace bf slag is the highest quantity metallurgical slag in the iron and steel industry, which has been used as the main raw.
The spe ific sur 5 face area of the granulated slag was 270 m2kg or 400 m kg and was 500 m2kg when used with fadmixture. The exploitation of blast furnace slag as sand replacement. The chemical composition of a slag varies considerably depending on the composition of the raw materials in the iron. Approximately 110 kg of slag is generated for each ton of converter steel. The blast furnace slag used in this investigation was either granulated slag or pelletized slag. This material also shows its strengths as a quartzfree sand in corrosion protection. Granulated blast furnace slag an overview sciencedirect topics.
Granulated blast furnace slag is a glassy granular material, and its particle distribution, shape, and grain size vary, depending on the chemical composition and method of production, from popcornlike friable particles to dense, sandsize grains. It is removed from the blast furnace and allowed to cool. Zinurov, innovation in electric arc furnaces, springer, page 16. This material is obtained by the heating of iron ore, limestone and coke at a temperature about 1500 degree celsius. Mar 19, 2015 blast furnace gas it is the byproduct of blast furnaces that is generated when the iron ore is reduced with coke to produce molten iron. The typical ranges of chemical composition of blast furnace slags in the us and canada are 3243 % sio2, 716% al2o3, 3245% cao, and 515%. There are four types of iron and steel industry slags, namely, the blast furnace bf iron.
Blastfurnace slag article about blastfurnace slag by. A portland cement mixed with a designated amount of ground granulated blast furnace slag. Molten slag is tapped from a blast furnace, rapidly quenched with water granulated, dried and ground to a fine powder. The blast air causes the iron oxides, flux, and coke to react and iron, carbon monoxide and blast furnace slag is produced. Alkaliactivated slag aas binders are produced by alkaline activation of watercooled ground granulated blast furnace slag ggbfs, which is. Conservation of natural resources, reduction of co2 through reduced use of clinkers and energy savings. Groundgranulated blast furnace slag is highly cementitious and high in csh calcium silicate hydrates which is a. Activation of blast furnace slag by some inorganic materials. Behavior of hotmix asphalt containing blast furnace slag. Nowadays limestone powder and blast furnace slag bfs are widely used in concrete as blended materials in cement. The molten iron and blastfurnace slag is collected at the base of the furnace, while the gases are recirculated for fuel in the sinter process, after separation of particulate material cooper, 2005. Granulated blast furnace slag gbfs is a byproduct of iron. The typical ranges of chemical composition of blast furnace slags in the us and canada are 3243% sio2, 716% al2o3, 3245% cao, and 515%. Development of engineered cementitious composites with.
Blastfurnace slag article about blastfurnace slag by the. Any material expands when heat ed, and contracts when cooled. To flux the silica produced during steelmaking, limestone andor dolomite are added, as well as other types of slag conditioners such as calcium aluminate or fluorspar. Product advantages also include volume stability, high load capacities, angular grain shapes and low bulk density. Granulated blast furnace slag is a glassy granular material that varies, depending on the chemical composition and method of production, from a coarse, popcornlike friable structure greater than 4.
Other components of blast furnace slag include alumina alsub2 o 3 and magnesium oxide mgo, as well as a small amount of sulfur s, while steelmaking slag contains iron oxide feo and magnesium oxide mgo. The blast furnace slag should be a freeflowing one at the operating temperatures to ensure efficient slagmetal separation. Grade 80 has a low activity index and is used primarily in mass structures because. This can perhaps be explained by the vast amount of blast furnace slag available 6. Converter slag in the same way as aircooled blast furnace slag, converter slag is cooled slowly by natural cooling and water spray in a cooling yard. Blast furnace slag is recovered by melting separation from blast furnaces that produce molten pig iron. It is narrow at the top and has an arrangement for the introduction of ore and outlet for gases. Basic slag is a coproduct of steelmaking, and is typically produced either through the blast furnace oxygen converter route or the electric arc furnace ladle furnace route. Theory and practice presents the significant role of iron blast furnace by which iron is efficiently and rapidly reduced from ore and it is the basis for all primary steelmaking. Often, the ferrous charge is fluxed, but some room is left to add carbonates directly to the blast furnace top so that daytoday adjustments can be made to achieve a target slag chemistry. Blast furnace slag an overview sciencedirect topics. Analysis of slag flow in blast furnace during the extraction. In europe, the blast furnace developed gradually over the centuries from small furnaces operated by the romans, in which charcoal was used for reducing ore to a semisolid mass of iron containing a relatively small amount of carbon and slag. Blast furnace it is a tall cylindrical furnace made of steel.
Ground granulated blast furnace slag ggbs is a glassy byproduct of pig iron production and has been used in blended cements for over 140 years 1. Ground granulated blast furnace slag ggbfs is designated in astm c 989 and consists mainly of silicates and aluminosilicates of calcium. Properties significant chemoresistance, and suppression of alkaliaggregate reaction type b and c. Wdxrf and spark oes analysis of foundry iron and furnace slags. Processing of granulated blast furnace slag and its. The effect of slag composition and curing duration on the. Astm c989 c989m 18a standard specification for slag. Metallurgical slag is among the hardest stones used in road construction.
The exploitation of blast furnace slag as sand replacement in concrete written by ahmed serag faried, magdy a. Testing the hardness of metals types and comparisons. Aggregate properties significantly affect the workability of plastic concrete and also the durability, strength, thermal properties, and density of hardened concrete. Blast furnace slag is formed when iron ore or iron pellets, coke and a flux either limestone or dolomite are melted together in a blast furnace. Blast furnace gas it is the byproduct of blast furnaces that is generated when the iron ore is reduced with coke to produce molten iron. Properties of hardened concrete with blast furnace slag. Pelletized blast furnace slag, in contrast to aircooled and expanded blast furnace slag.
Tawfiq published on 20170422 download full article with reference data and citations. Li g, zhao x 2003 properties of concrete incorporating fly ash and ground. Heat treatment quenching, hardening, and other thermal modifications p. Cdic can now conduct more than 100 mechanical tests, out of which, 55 tests come under the nabl accreditation. Significant amounts of blast furnace slag bfs are generated daily as byproduct from iron and steel industries. This specification covers three strength grades of finely ground granulated blastfurnace slag grades 80, 100, and 120 for use as a cementitious material in concrete and mortars. This specification covers three strength grades of finely ground granulated blast furnace slag grades 80, 100, and 120 for use as a cementitious material in concrete and mortars. Ground granulated blast furnace slag request pdf researchgate. Proceedings of 5th international conference on fly ash, silica fume, slag, and natural pozzolans in concrete, sp153, vol. Blast furnace slag is a coproduct of the iron making process. Alkaliactivated slag aas binders are produced by alkaline activation of water cooled ground granulated blast furnace slag ggbfs, which is. The flowcharacteristic of blast furnace slags is strongly influenced by the extent of reduction of iron oxide at low temperature in the granular zone besides being influenced by the composition, and the quality and the quantity of the gangue in the iron bearing materials.
How pig iron is converted into iron and steel in blast. Behavior of hotmix asphalt containing blast furnace slag as. The iron mass was then hammered to remove the slag, yielding wrought iron. Silicate and aluminate impurities from the ore and coke are combined in the blast furnace with a flux which lowers the viscosity of the slag. Generally the products produced from this type of slag are known as air. Production of high compressive strength geopolymers considering fly ash or slag chemical composition. Strength of granulated blast furnace slag during hydration. Blast furnace slag has latent hydraulic properties that permit its most common application as a cement. A comparative study regarding chemical composition major elements of two different types of furnace slag.
Blast furnace slags entirely crystallized of normal composition do not have hydraulic property or only a very limited one. Blastfurnace slags entirely crystallized of normal composition do not have hydraulic property or only a very limited one. It is a mixture of calcium and magnesium compounds, plus other impurities such as iron oxide. This waste material usually has interesting physical properties and mineralogical and chemical composition, which can be useful as granular aggregate in the production of hot mix asphalt hma. It must have appreciable affinity for the gangue constituents. When crushed or milled to very fine cementsized particles, ground granulated blast furnace slag ggbfs has cementitious properties, which make a suitable. Flowability, setting times, compressive strength, efflorescence, and carbonation resistance and shrinkage were tested. The use of the lf slag in further applications requires. The efficiency, which the molten blast furnace slag is rapidly chilled, as well as the chemical composition of the slag source, largely determines its cementitious properties for use in concrete. A promising type of steel slag for applications is the ladle furnace lf slag, which is also known as the basic slag, the reducing slag, the white slag, and the secondary refining slag. Blast furnace slag bfs which is defined as the nonmetallic product consisting essentially of silicates and alumina silicates of calcium and other bases, that is developed in a molten condition simultaneously with iron in a blast furnace by astm c 12516 2016 has been widely used in construction industry for more than 80 years.
Mar 31, 2014 slag is the waste which is skimmed off the top of the molten iron that comes out of the blast furnace. Granulated blast furnace slag granulated blast furnace slag is a glassy granular material that varies, depending on the chemical composition and method of production, from a coarse, popcornlike friable structure greater than 4. A book of the names and address of people living in a city. There are four major parts of blast furnace from bottom to top hearth, bosh, stack and top. Free power how to convert an old washing machine into a water powered generator duration. You are sitting on a pile whose potential worth in india is at least rs. Blast furnance slag user guideline portland cement. Blast furnace slag material description user guidelines. Approximately 290 kg of slag is generated for each ton of pig iron. Slag is the waste which is skimmed off the top of the molten iron that comes out of the blast furnace.
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